A Report Of Pace Leisurewear Ltd Finance Essay

A Report Of Pace Leisurewear Ltd Finance Essay Pace Leisurewear Ltd is a manufacturer of casual wear and designer leisure clothes company. Jill Dempsey and Mike Greaves are two co-founder of Pace Leisurewear Ltd. Lots of fresh experience in similar business and new ideas for developing a new range of clothes for young people motivate Jill and Mike to form such business to attracts younger and higher income market. Under guidance of Jane Barker, who is experienced designer, company had taken lots of efforts and spend lots of money to recruit young and talented design team. As expected design team produced range of clothes and welcomed by enthusiasm buyers. With the help of marketing team lead by Jill Dempsey, the sales was growing and orders had reached their highest level ever. Recession period Pace Leisurewear Ltd started trading due to average sales. After economy coming out of recession, companys sales started growing with new exports markets in France and Switzerland. Jill and Mike were very delighted when they received a ord er from Arena, which could be very important for companies growth over next few years in leisurewear business. Jill  and Mike invested all their life time savings as well as taken out large mortgages on their houses to invest in companies business. Major contribution added by Keeble Estates Ltd, owned by Keeble brother, David and John Keeble. The board of directors of Pace Leisurewear Ltd are Jill Dempsey, Mike Geaves, Jane Berker, David Keeble and John Keeble. Difficulties faced by Pace Leisurewear Ltd. The main problem which is company facing is reduction in bank overdraft by half over next six months. Even draft accounts details received from the auditors shows profit has more than doubled. Surprisingly company facing cash situation is so poor. Company invested a lots on additional plant and after selling old machines company didnt manage additional expenses includes  £2.8 million for depreciation. It is already clear from Keeble brothers that addition investment is not possible. Board directors not have financial expertise and business had crossed the overdraft limit on several occasions. Because of poor cash situation company need large amount of money to successfully execute new order from Arena and override Pace Leisurewears liquidity problem. Financing ratio analysis in the tabular format with relevant formulas : Profitability ratio : Ratio Formulas Year( 2008) Year( 2009) Return on capital employed (ROCE) Profit before interest and tax x 100% Capital Employed 2100 x100% 10474 =20 % 4618 x100% 15600 =29.7% Return on Equity(ROE) Ratio Profit after tax x 100% Share holder equity Formulas 1248 x100% 6874 =18.1% Year( 2008) 2926 x100% 9000 =32.7% Year( 2009) Gross Profit Margin Gross Profit x100% Sales 6510 x100% 14006 =46.5% 10792 x 100% 22410 =48.15% Net Profit Margin Net Profit bf interest tax x 100% Sales 2100 x100% 14006 =14.99% 4618 x100 22410 =20.6% Efficiency Ratio : Ratio Formulas Year( 2008) Year (2009) Stock Turnover in days Stock held x365 Cost of sales 2418 x365 7496 =117.73 days 5820 x365 11618 =182.84 day Debtors Turnover in days Trade Debtors x365 sales 1614 x365 14006 =42 days 3744 x365 22410 =61days Creditors Turnover in days Trade creditor x365 Purchases 1214 x365 7496 =59days 2612 x365 11618 =82 days Liquidity Ratio : Ratio Formulas Year (2008) Year (2009) Current Ratio Current Assets = Current Liabilities 4356 2482 =1.8:1 9974 8844 =1.12:1 Quick (acid test) ratio Current assets Stock Current Liabilities 4356 2418 2482 =0.8:1 9974-5820 8844 =0.5:1 Gearing Ratio: Ratio Formulas Year (2008) Year (2009) Gearing Ratio Fixed Interest Capital x100% Fixed interest capital + equity 3600 x100% 10474 =34.4% 6600 x100% 15600 =42.3% Financing position and performance of Pace Leisurewear Ltd Profitability Ratio: Every company is looking for its profitability. Ratio analysis is calculated with the help of different types of formulas. Ratio analysis help business to provide financial statements. Concerned with how much the company owes in relation to its size. It is improving its situation. Ratio gives very clear view of the financial stability rather than companies individual mathematical figures. Profitability ratio is most frequently used tools in financial ratio analysis. It shows companys performance and stability. Profitability ratio can be divided by margins and returns. All type of ratios can shows companies situation in the market, but ratios can not give any solution for any problem. Using companys profit and loss we can calculate its profitability. Here we will discuss profitability ratio for Pace Leisurewear Ltd. Return on Capital Employed : ROCE goes higher the companys profitability will increase. In year 2008 ROCE was around 20% and in year 2009 it increased to 29%. Even in year 2009 Profit before tax and interest was higher as compare to year 2008,but company also increase fixed assets and current assets. That was the reason companys ROCE is increased by 9% only. Return on Equity : The amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. It will help for comparing the profitability of two companies, which are in the same industry. ROE for the year 2008 is 18.1% and in year 2009 was 32.7%,that means is double than 2008.Equity shows the total investment of the company. Higher the ROE goes shareholder get higher return. Dividend increased almost double as well as net profit after tax also increased, it means company is getting good return from shareholders equity. Gross Profit Margin : Gross profit margin prove the percentage of amount remaining after paying cost of sales. Companys total sales minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales, which is represent in percentage. The higher percentage means more the company retain on each sales to its other costs. Gross profit margin for year 2008 was 46.5% and in year 2009 its increased to 48.15%. Because of cost of sales increased by 55% between last two years, it effected on gross profit margin. Companys gross profit increased by 65% over sales which is increased by 60%. Net Profit Margin : Net margin will vary from company to company and most companies will report their net margin both quarterly. it shows business net profitability.Net profit margin for 2008 was 14.99% and in year 2009 it increased by 20.6%.Net Profit after tax increased by around 134.5% over the same period. Increase in net profit after tax is a very good news for companys future. Efficiency Ratio: Company should invest in assets to run its operations. Efficiency ratio calculate how effectively company use its assets. It needs to be managed carefully. A good system of credit control is essential to any organisation. Stock Turnover ratio : It shows the number of days on average money is fixed up in stocks. Stock turnover shows how quickly goods move through the business. Profits must be increased if the rate of stock turnover can be increased. Stock is the part of working capital. Its important for working capital to as early as possible convert stock into cash to save from liquidity problem. In year 2008 stock turnover was 117.73 days and in year 2009 it increased to 182.84 days. Big turnover in days is not good for business because funds are very hard to use somewhere and funds got freeze with stock. Debtors turnover ratio ( days ): It will shows, how efficiently business can collecting its debts and how quickly company can solve debt problem. Short period of debt is not a big harm to company but the longer debt can effect on business badly. In year 2008 debtor turnover was 42 days and in year 2009 it increased to 61 days. It means longer time money will be stuck with debtors. Creditors turnover ratio (days) : This ratio shows ,how many days it takes to paying its debts. Cash must be retained within the organisation for longer period. Creditor turnover days must be always greater than debtors turnover days. Business holding creditors money for longer period so longer days with creditors turnover is good for companys business. In year 2008 creditors turnover in 59 days and in year 2009 it increased to 82 days. It seems to be good compare to debtors turnover days. Liquidity Ratio : Liquidity ratio shows companys ability to repay short term creditors out of its total cash. Current ratio must be in excess of 1. If it is greater than 1,it means ,its fully acceptable. There are two liquidity ration which is very simple to use and very important as well. These ration are :Current ratio and acid test ratio. It can pay its suppliers by having enough working capital. According to balance sheet for 2008,current assets are trade debtors, stock, cash and other debtors. Current liabilities are trade creditors, taxation, dividends, other creditors and bank overdrafts. Current Ratio: Current assets in year 2008 calculated as 4356k and in year 2009 is calculated as 9974k and current liabilities calculated for year 2008 as 2482k and in year 2009 is calculated as 8844k.As if we calculated current ratio should be 2:1,it means business has sufficient current assets to pay current liabilities. Current ratio in year 2008 is 1.8:1,it means company has sufficient liquidity to pay its debts, as year 2009 current ratio shows 1:12.Its increase shows company can pay its short term debts. Quick (acid-test) Ratio : Acid-test ratio does not includes value of stock so this ratio can calculate liquidity more accurate than current ratio. Fast stock turnover companys can keep acid test ratio comfortably less than 1. To calculate acid test ratio we will take out stock value from current assets. In 2008 acid test ratio was 0.8:1,which seems to be not bad. Next if we calculate for year 2009 the acid test ratio shows to 0.5:1which seems to be very unhealthy. Stock calculated in year 2008 was 2418k and in year 2009 is 5820k,it means company keeps more than doubled its stock. Acid test ratio for current year is showing company is in big trouble with its liquidity. Gearing Ratio: Gearing ratio calculate of financial leverage which demonstrate the percentage to which business activities are funded by owner fund versus creditor funds. There is no limitation to how much gearing ratio responsible to be. Company having less than 50% gearing ratio can be specify as a low geared. Also if company having more than 50% gearing ratio can be specify as a high geared ratio. In year 2008 gearing ratio was 34.4% and in year 2009 gearing ratio shows 42.3%.Comparing with this two years, in 2009 company is higher geared than in year 2008.Company top up loan amount by 6600k which is approximately 83%.Company have to pay more interest because of its higher loan and it can be effected companys capital, which they will end up in paying dividends. Last two year ratio clearly shows that company is having difficulty with liquidity in coming years. Top of that bank is going to reduce overdraft by half percent in next six months and this is not affordable by company to fulfil new order which is come from Arena, Pace Leisurewear Ltd have to complete this order to stay in the leisurewear market. Plan of Action : After writing this report for Pace Leisurewear Ltd ,there are few points, which need to be look into, as follows : 1.One positive point is company is highly profitable, but it is very difficult to convince potential investors to invest in company because its gearing ration is high and facing a liquidity problem .Some investor can invest with risks in exchange for future high returns. 2. There is chance to small investment from suppliers and customers after explaining companys future plan and current orders proposal. 3.Try to convert stock in cash for short term. Efficiency ratio shows large number of stock turnover effecting companys cash. 4.Pace Leisurewear Ltd need to be appoint some one who is expertise in financial activities to take control of the finances and investment of the business. 5.Company should be take a total control to expanding business activities, like concentrate on order completion in time. 6.Reduce stock level and minimize debtors collection period for short term. 7.Try to lease, so company can save money on purchasing fixed assets. Total words : 2025 References used for this report : Atrill P. And McLaney E.(2006), Accounting and finance for non-specialists. 5th Edition. London : Prentice Hall Europe Dr. Saeudy M. (2010) Lecture notes, Ratio Analysis, Accounting and Finance module. Tracy J.A. (2008) Accounting for Dummies. 4th Edition. Indiana :Wiley Publishing, Inc

Women of The Color Purple Essay -- essays research papers

In the novel, The Color Purple, there are three main characters who demonstrate meaningful traits of women. Celie, the main character, is the most important of the three. She is influenced by other characters in the novel and is inspired to let herself seek their virtues. Celie's two friends, Shug and Sofia, are both strong women who teach Celie how to achieve the happiness she desires.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sofia is a woman with authority in her life. Her life has been a constant struggle and can no longer endure conflict. She is strong physically and that gives her confidence in herself. The only opinion of any value to her is her own. Sofia is very upset with Celie when she tells Harpo to beat her and she reveals to Celie details of her painful past. 'All my life I had to fight. I had to fight my daddy. I had to fight my brothers. I had to fight my cousins and my uncles. But I never thought I'd have to fight in my own house. I loves Harpo. God knows I do. But I'll kill him dead before I let him beat me.'; (42). Sofia can no longer tolerate this kind of abuse and she thought that when she married Harpo she had finally escaped it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later Celie admits that she told Harpo to beat her because she is jealous of Sofia. Celie is jealous because Sofia can fight back and she knows she can't. Sofia tells Celie how she feels sorry for her because Celie reminds her of her mother and how she never could stand up against her father. Just seeing Sofi...

China in the Classical Era Essay

The gender systems of the Classical era in China can almost be summed up with this phrase: â€Å"How sad it is to be a woman!† (Strayer) According to the Chinese traditions when a girl child is born the family is definitely not happy about the birth. The mothers of the girl child must do three things; â€Å"first she must make the child sleep under the bed this shows the baby that she is lowly and weak, second she must give the baby a potsherd or a piece of broken pot to play with to make the girl child realize that the only thing in life for her is housework, and thirdly the mother must make an offering to the ancestors when she announces the birth of the girl child.† (Strayer) Chinese women are considered less than men, less than the servants even. She must always humble herself to the man of the family, or her â€Å"master†; she is to do whatever the in-laws require her to do as well. The gender system of the Classical era in India is much like China. â€Å"In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent.† (Strayer) The female in India could never be on her own, her father rules her life as a child, her husband as a wife and if she has male children, she is less than her children if the husband ever dies. She must never be vain, show her face or her body, and woman of India is less than a person because of these rules. The gender system of the Classical era in Rome began very much the same for the females. †If each man of us, fellow citizens, had established that the right and authority of the husband should be held over the mother of his own family we should have less difficulty with women in general.† (Strayer) In Rome men were expected to rule. This may have come from the fact that in order for Roman men to reproduce they had to pillage other villages and kidnap and rape the captured women. Over that time the men obviously ruled the house, the city and the land. Women were considered imprudent, rude and considered unbridled if they conducted any kind of business without a male guardian present. In all three cultures the same patriarchy is evident. Women were to do nothing without the say so of the man. Whether it is her father, husband, brother or son, she was to do as she was told when she was told and not complain about it. In China the females did as told, even by the mother-in-law, she was humbled, regardless of the situation, the husband could do as wished as long as it didn’t bring shame to himself or his family. There really isn’t anyway for the Chinese woman to get away from the patriarchy of her family or her husband’s family. In India the only way that a woman could relieve herself from her husband’s patriarchy â€Å"was to become a Buddhist nun and entering a monastery where women were relatively less restricted and could exercise more authority than in ordinary life.† (Strayer) Even thought this relieved her of her families’ patriarchy she still didn’t have complete independence from male dominance. In Rome however, this is where the changes began for the Roman women. â€Å"When these speeches for and against the law had been made, a considerably larger crowd of women poured forth in public the next day; as a single body they besieged the doors, of the Brutus’s, who were vetoing their colleagues’ motion, and they didn’t not stop until the tribunes took back their veto†¦.† (Strayer) The women of Rome were sick of being treated as less the nothings, they began to go into the streets, talk to whomever they chose even other women’s husbands. They had decided as a group that it was time that they had some rights. The women were no longer going to sit in the houses and have absolutely no wealth, no status, and no rights. There were some men against this and some men that approved of it. In the end the women won, and was allowed a few rights. This was taken away twenty years later though. The cultures of the Classical era showed that women were less than men, they had no rights, they had no wealth and they would always be obedient. This was an act to humble the women, they were slaves. The males always dominated the women; only the Roman women as a group were able to stand up for themselves. The Chinese and the women of India did not. They were obedient. Works Cited: Strayer, Robert. Ways of the World: A Brief Global History. Boston. New York, Bedford/ St. Martins 2011

How Litter Trashes the Environment

How Litter Trashes the Environment Environmentalists consider littering a nasty side effect of our convenience-oriented disposable culture. Just to highlight the scope of the problem, California alone spends $28 million a year cleaning up and removing litter along its roadways. And once trash gets free, wind and weather move it from streets and highways to parks and waterways. One study found that 18 percent of litter ends up in rivers, streams, and oceans. In particular, the issue of microplastics is particularly dramatic in some parts of our oceans, including the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Cigarettes a Major Cause of Litter Cigarette butts, snack wrappers and take-out food and beverage containers are the most commonly littered items. Cigarettes are one of the most insidious forms of litter: Each discarded butt takes 12 years to break down, all the while leaching toxic elements such as cadmium, lead, and arsenic into soil and waterways. Litter Typically Viewed as a Local Problem The burden of litter cleanup usually falls to local governments or community groups. Some U.S. states, including Alabama, California, Florida, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia, are taking strong measures to prevent litter through public education campaigns, and are spending millions of dollars yearly to clean up. British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland also have strong anti-litter campaigns. Keep America Beautiful and Litter Prevention Keep America Beautiful (KAB), the group known for its â€Å"crying Indian† anti-litter TV ads of bygone days, has been organizing litter cleanups across the United States since 1953. KAB has a strong track record of success in litter prevention, though it has been accused of doing the bidding of its industry founders and supporters (which include tobacco and beverage companies) by opposing many mandatory bottle- and can-recycling initiatives over the years and downplaying the issue of litter from cigarettes. Nonetheless, 2.8 million KAB volunteers picked up 200 million pounds of litter in KAB’s annual Great American Cleanup last year [2007]. Litter Prevention Around the World A more grassroots-oriented litter prevention group is Auntie Litter, which started in 1990 in Alabama to help educate students there about the importance of a healthy and clean environment. Today the group works internationally to help students, teachers, and parents eliminate litter in their communities. In Canada, the nonprofit Pitch-In Canada (PIC), founded in the late-1960s by some hippies in British Columbia, has since evolved into a professionally run national organization with a tough anti-litter agenda. Last year 3.5 million Canadians volunteered in PIC’s annual nationwide Cleanup Week. Only You Can Prevent Litter Doing your part to keep litter to a minimum is easy, but it takes vigilance. For starters, never let trash escape from your car, and make sure household garbage bins are sealed tightly so animals can’t get at the contents. Always remember to take your garbage with you upon leaving a park or other public space. And if you’re still smoking, isn’t saving the environment a compelling enough reason to finally quit? Also, if that stretch of roadway you drive every day to work is a haven for litter, offer to clean it up and keep it clean. Many cities and towns welcome â€Å"Adopt-A-Mile† sponsors for particularly litter-prone streets and highways, and your employer might even want to get in on the act by paying you for your volunteer time. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Comparing of EBay.com and The Home Depot

Comparing of EBay.com and The Home Depot Introduction This article discusses an online retailer (eBay.com) and a traditional physical retailer (The Home Depot). In comparing the two, the organizational structure of the retailers will be discussed, the management challenges facing the two reviewed and lastly suggestions are drawn to assist those wishing to embrace the online method of retailing as an alternative retailing method.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing of an Online Retailer EBay.com and a Physical Retailer The Home Depot specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizational Structure eBay: The eBay organizational structure places the CEO (John Donahoe) at the top followed by the chairman of the board (Pierre Omidyar) and the directors below them. There are six directors: William Ford, David Moffett, Richard Schlosberg, Thomas Tierney, Marc Andreessen, and Dawn Lepore. There are other officials who assist in the management of the business (eBay, 2011). The Home Depot: The Home Depot is headed by a Chief Executive Officer who also doubles as the Chairman (Frank Blake). Below the CEO are the Senior Leadership Team and the Board of Directors. The senior leadership team consists of twenty two officials. The Board of Directors is made up of 10 officials (Home Deport, 2011). The organizational structures adopted by the eBay and Home Deport are almost similar. Management Challenges There are many of management challenges that both eBay and Home Depot face. Some of these challenges are similar while others are not. eBay: Regulations of Items sold and Competition The greatest management challenge that eBay faces is regulating what to be sold through its system. There have been many attempts by clients to sell what is not allowed through the system. Human parts and lottery tickets are not allowed. Selling of wildlife animals is also not allowed in the site. There are other many items which are illegal and are not allowed either in th e site and include firearms, ammunitions among other illegal items. Others items such as trying to sell plots on the moon are also not allowed. The management needs to ensure that there is a thorough scrutiny of the items posted on the site as the items may draw the site into legal tussles with the law makers. There is a need to ensure that the biddings taking place are only for those items allowed as this will help to reduce the chances of the site crashing. The second management challenge that eBay faces is competition from similar business ventures such as Taobao in China among many others.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tough competition calls for more funds to be used to promote that site so that it can gain a favorable chance of gaining a wide market. There is a possibility that stringent competition may push some online retailers to engage in unethical stra tegies such hacking other sites or even accelerating traffic to a site with an aim of crashing it (eBay History, 2011). Home Deport: Capital Requirement and Competition Home deport equally faces many challenges. The main challenge which is typical of many traditional retail outlets is the capital required in its expansion. The retail being physical is capital intensive as it requires physical outlets. Acquiring physical outlets needs money and thus the expansion of the retail is tied to availability of capital. Another challenge that Home Deport faces is tough competition from similar retailers both physical and online. The online retailers are particularly competitive as globalization and the World Wide Web are slowly connecting the globe such that one can get anything that he/she requires from anywhere in the globe. Home Deport also faces competition challenge when physically expanding to regions which are already occupied by other retailers. Similarities and Differences of the Ch allenges In as much as Home Deport and eBay are different, it can be argued that they are similar in some aspects. The two retailers face the same challenge of competition from partners in the same line of operation as well as from physical retailers for eBay and from online retailers for Home Deport. The capital required to expand Home Deport can also be argued to apply for the case of eBay in the sense that if eBay has to expand it will have to upgrade its systems and site so as to avoid hacking, crashing of the site as well promote the site so as to expand its market. One challenge that is distinct to eBay and may not apply to Home Deport is that of the site being hacked. Transitioning to Online Retail Transitioning from a traditional physical retailer to be an online retailer is a current trend. A retailer transitioning from physical to being online should engage in this process in a stepwise manner. There is a need to assess the resource available. There is a need to develop th e best site possible and make it as efficient as possible taking into consideration this is entering into a market place with already established retailers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing of an Online Retailer EBay.com and a Physical Retailer The Home Depot specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There need to consult suppliers and carry out more research into the product specifications. One needs to give the perfect description of a product when selling it online. There is a need to consult ones bank about the arrangement so that one is aware of the expenses involved. Conclusion With the advent of the World Wide Web many businesses have adopted the online system of selling goods. Online retailers seem to be on an upward growth while the physical retail stores are absorbing the shock of losing the market to these stores. Both retailers, online and physical, face many similar and different challenges. Competition is among the biggest challenge that physical retailers face from the online retailers though equally to some extent the online stores face some competition from the physical stores. Physical stores should adopt the online system of selling their goods as it seems to carry the day. References eBay. (2011). About eBay. eBay. Retrieved from: https://www.ebayinc.com/ eBay History. (2001). The History of eBay. Bradeis. Retrieved from: https://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~magnus/ief248a/eBay/history.html Home Deport. (2011). Shop All Departments. The Home Deport. Web.

A Survey Of Student Attitudes To Alien Life Essay

A Survey Of Student Attitudes To Alien Life - Essay Example According to a research conducted by the an organization called The Third Millennium, almost forty six percent of students believe that aliens or UFOs actually exist as compared to only twenty eight percent of them who believe the provision of social security will exist by the time they retire. This study simply goes on to show how strongly students believe on the existence of a thing they haven’t ever even seen in their life! Goes on to show what an impact media has created on the minds of young people through its depictions about aliens in shows and magazines. A survey from college going students about aliens and other like creatures resulted in somewhat a very expected outcome. When asked if they believe in the true existence of aliens or extra-terrestrials, forty nine percent of students replied in the affirmative, twelve percent of them said they did not whereas the remaining thirty nine percent â€Å"weren’t sure†. However one thing that to which almost all of them agreed to was the fact that aliens are unable to abduct human beings. Interestingly enough, many students believe that aliens can survive without any form of food and water. They believe they gain energy from sun rays and the light given out by the stars and meteors. This factor pretty much seems to make sense as a recent American movie, a massive international hit on the box office, â€Å"ET – Extra Terrestrial† showed a human friendly alien on earth. Apparently, he was left behind on earth as he failed to reach on his UFO on time. The movie showed how ET gained his energy from the rays of the sun and used his magical powers to help people who spotted and took care of him on earth. That movie created a very sharp image of aliens by showing them as friendly creatures who love being with nice people and are against evil of all kinds. When the students were asked if they think the US government had a hidden hand behind the UFO matters, the bulk of the students, almost fifty three percent said they believed the government did possess knowledge relating to UFOs and their sightings and that such information was kept away from the public. Twelve percent of them disagreed to any such idea while the rest, as usual, came under the â€Å"no idea† category. The survey also came up with some very interesting answers. Some students held aliens responsible for the Stonehenge while other believed that they are responsible for crop circles. Another discovery which was much unexpected was that thirty eight percent of the students surveyed believed that aliens were involved in the construction / designing of the pyramids! There were differing views when students were asked since when have aliens existed. Almost thirty three percent of the lot was of the view that they have existed ever since there has been life on earth. Seventeen percent said they didn’t agree to the former’s view, thirty percent were of different views including the fact that aliens exited even before there was any sign of life on earth whereas the final forty percent of the sample believe that aliens developed with the â€Å"science age† and are relatively new on earth compared to various other forms of life. A great split was noticed in student’s views when they were asked if aliens have been monitoring or are in any case aware of human activities. Twenty one percent replied in the affirmative and were

Automatic transmition vs manual transmition Essay

Automatic transmition vs manual transmition - Essay Example There are two main types of transmission systems in use today: manual transmission systems and automatic transmission systems. This paper shall analyse them using a literature review with the objective of establishing their operation, as well as the merits and demerits of each system. The first vehicular transmission system is the manual transmission system. One major characteristic of this transmission system is the driver’s ability to change the gear ratio using a gear lever as deemed necessary due to engine load changes or terrain differences (Denton, 2012). The driver achieves this degree of control over the power output fed to the vehicle’s wheels through a clutch system that disengages the engine from the drive shaft leading to the wheels. Manuals transmission systems mainly fall into two distinct groups: trans-axle transmission systems and in-line transmissions systems (Heisler, 2002). The former finds application in front-wheel vehicles such as normal family sedans, while the later is applied in four-wheel and rear-wheel drive vehicles. Automatic transmission systems distinguish themselves from manual transmission systems by virtue of the driver’s limitation in changing the vehicle’s gear ratios as this happens in an automated manner. These vehicles achieve this level of transmission automation through a torque converter powered by hydraulic fluid driven by the engine itself (Duan, 2014). Therefore, using a system of planetary gears and clutch packs, the engine’s own load and speed engages the required gear ratio using a set of blades in the converter system called the impeller and turbine (Erjavec, 2010). It is important to note that the workings of an automatic transmission unit are far more complicated that this report’s simplified outline, due to the existence of other complex components such as governors and modulators as well as numerous